UPDATE: The points made below have now been affirmed in peer-reviewed research. In Social Desirability Bias in Pornography-Related Self-Reports: The Role of Religion (2017), Dr. Joshua Grubbs tested his hypothesis that religious individuals are more likely to lie about their porn use (in anonymous surveys studies or to researchers). The “religious people are lying” hypothesis rested on a few state-wide studies, which suggested that conservative or religious states might use more porn. The problem with such claims is that nearly every study that employed anonymous surveys had found lower rates of porn use in religious individuals.
Grubbs found no evidence for religious individuals lying about their porn use. In fact, religious people may be more honest than secular individuals about porn use. This suggests that the state-wide comparisons may be less reliable than anonymous surveys in which each subject’s level of religiosity is identified. Religion appears to be protective against porn use.
From the conclusion:
“However, contrary to popular sentiment-and our own hypotheses-we found no evidence for and much evidence against the suggestion that religious individuals have a more pronounced social desirability bias against the reporting of pornography consumption than the irreligious. Interaction terms assessing that possibility were either nonsignificant or significant in the reverse direction.”
ARTICLE
Utah is not #1 in porn use. Not even close. That often-repeated meme arose from Benjamin Edelman’s 2009 economics paper “Red Light States: Who Buys Online Adult Entertainment?” He relied entirely on subscription data from a single top-ten provider of pay-to-view content when he ranked states on porn consumption – ignoring hundreds of other such websites. Why did he choose that one to analyze?
We do know that Edelman’s analysis was conducted circa 2007, after free, streaming “tube sites” were operational, and porn viewers were increasingly turning to them. So, Edelman’s single data point out of thousands (of free and subscription sites) cannot be presumed to be representative of all US porn users.
Turns out it’s not. In fact, other studies and available data rank Utah porn use between 40th and 50th among the states. See:
- This peer-reviewed paper: “A review of pornography use research: Methodology and results from four sources.” Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace (2015)
- Or this easier to read 2014 article: Rethinking Mormons and Porn: Utah 40th in US in New Porn Data
- Per capita page views, taken from Pornhub in 2014 (graph below).
The oft-repeated, but unsupported “Utah as number 1” myth often bolsters another spurious meme, namely, that ‘religious individuals use more porn than nonreligious individuals.’ In fact, the opposite is true. Religiosity predicts far lower rates of porn use.
The preponderance of studies report far lower rates of porn use in religious individuals compared with non-religious individuals. Consider these studies:
- Adult Social Bonds and Use of Internet Pornography (2004)
- Generation XXX: Pornography Acceptance and Use Among Emerging Adults (2008)
- Internet pornography use in the context of external and internal religiosity (2010)
- “I believe it is wrong but I still do it”: A comparison of religious young men who do versus do not use pornography. (2010)
- Viewing Sexually-Explicit Materials Alone or Together: Associations with Relationship Quality (2011)
- Pornography Use: Who Uses It and How It Is Associated with Couple Outcomes (2012)
- U.S. males and pornography, 1973-2010: consumption, predictors, correlates (2013)
- Adolescent religiousness as a protective factor against pornography use. (2013)
- Religiosity, Parent and Peer Attachment, and Sexual Media Use in Emerging Adults (2013)
- United States women and pornography through four decades: exposure, attitudes, behaviors, individual differences (2013)
- The Relationship Between Religiosity and Internet Pornography Use (2015)
- How does religious attendance shape trajectories of pornography use across adolescence? (2016)
- Spousal Religiosity, Religious Bonding, and Pornography Consumption (2016)
- How Much More XXX is Generation X Consuming? Evidence of Changing Attitudes and Behaviors Related to Pornography Since 1973. (2016)
- Religious and Community Hurdles to Pornography Consumption: A National Study of Emerging Adults (2017)
- The Influence of Religiosity and Risk Taking on Cybersex Engagement among Postgraduate Students: A Study in Malaysian Universities (2017)
- Explicit Sexual Movie Viewing in the United States According to Selected Marriage and Lifestyle, Work and Financial, Religion and Political Factors (2017)
- Pornography Use and Loneliness: A Bi-Directional Recursive Model and Pilot Investigation (2017)
- Seeing is (Not) Believing: How Viewing Pornography Shapes the Religious Lives of Young Americans (2017)
- Sexual Attitudes of Classes of College Students Who Use Pornography (2017)
- Predicting pornography use over time: Does self-reported “addiction” matter? (2018)
- The Use of Online Pornography as Compensation for Loneliness and Lack of Social Ties Among Israeli Adolescents (2018)
- Individual differences in women’s pornography use, perceptions of pornography, and unprotected sex: Preliminary results from South Korea (2019)
- Relationship of Religiosity with Cybersex Behavior at X University Students in Bandung (2019)
- The Association between Religiosity and High-Risk Behaviour among Malay Adolescent (2020)
- Do You Feel in Control? Sexual Desire, Sexual Passion Expression, and Associations with Perceived Compulsivity to Pornography and Pornography Use Frequency (2020)
- The Relationship Between Sexual Compulsivity, Emotional and Spiritual Distress of Religious and Non-religious Internet Pornography Users (2021)
- Intrinsic Religiousness and its Relation to Health Outcomes (2021)
To take another example, a 2011 paper (“The Cyber Pornography Use Inventory: Comparing a Religious and Secular Sample”) reported the percentage of religious and secular college men who used porn at least once a week:
- Secular: 54%
- Religious: 19%
A 2010 study on college-aged religious men “I believe it is wrong but I still do it”: A comparison of religious young men who do versus do not use pornography reported that:
- 65% of religious young men reported viewing no pornography in the past 12 months
- 8.6% reported viewing two or three days per month
- 8.6% reported viewing daily or every other day
In contrast, cross-sectional studies of college-age men report relatively high rates of porn viewing (US – 2008: 87%, China – 2012: 86%, Netherlands – 2013 (age 16) – 73%).
Finally, consider two recent studies investigating religiosity in treatment-seeking sex and porn addicts:
- A 2016 study on treatment-seeking porn addicts found that religiosity did not correlate with negative symptoms or scores on a sex addiction questionnaire. “What Matters: Quantity or Quality of Pornography Use? Psychological and Behavioral Factors of Seeking Treatment for Problematic Pornography Use.” (2016)
- A 2016 study on treatment-seeking hypersexuals found no relationship between religious commitment and self-reported levels of hypersexual behavior and related consequences. “Investigating Correlates of Hypersexual Behavior in Religious Patients” (2016)
The “Utah Is #1” talking point lingers in mainstream journalism and sexology spin long after the science has proven otherwise. Why?
Finally, recent articles about the Joshua Grubbs studies (“perceived addiction studies”) have tried to paint a very misleading picture of what these studies actually reported and what these findings mean. In essence, bloggers, and sometimes Grubbs himself, have claimed that religiosity is strongly related to porn addiction. It’s not. In response to these spurious articles, YBOP published this extensive critique of the claims made in the perceived addiction studies and in the related misleading articles.
Page Views Per Capita on Pornhub (2014): Utah is 40th
For further reading, see this article debunking the Utah porn myth by Jacob Hess: Are Utahns Uniquely Drawn to Pornography?
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